International Issues
Climate
Convention and Policy Instruments
IPCC Related Issues
GEF Related Issues
National Studies in Climate Change
Sectoral Studies
Agricultur Sector
Construction
Sector
Power Sector
Transport Sector
Long-term Issues
Sustainable
Development
Consumption
Patterns
Environmental
Accounting and Valuation
IGIDR’s work covers many areas and disciplines (see back cover). IGIDR studies show that multi-disciplinary research that addresses policy issues pertaining to energy and environmental problems is critical for strategic planning and policy formulation in the Indian energy and environmental sectors. In 1989, IGIDR hosted a national brainstorming workshop on Sustainability: Definition, Measurement and Monitoring which contributed to the development of the National Conservation Strategy adopted by the Government of India. Prior to the Earth Summit, Rio, United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) sponsored a study at IGIDR on consumption patterns that dealt with inequity at international level in resource-use and their linkages with climate change issues. Subsequently, a number of areas of local, national and global interests are covered that range from sustainable development, trade and environment, environmental accounting and valuation and so on. These are long term issues which are also complimented with analysis of short term and medium term issues of national concerns. In this brochure we report on our activities mainly in the area of climate change.
With the understanding obtained from research, IGIDR has actively participated
in national and international policy dialogues. Thus, IGIDR has interacted
at various fora and with various organisations such as Ministry of Environment
and Forests, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Global Environment Facility (GEF), United
Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) and at Intergovernmental
Negotiations Committee (INC) deliberations prior to the Earth Summit at
Rio. In addition, IGIDR interacts with academics and policy makers through
research papers, popular articles, editorials and media events.
IGIDR research activities include
- Faculty involvement in committees and panels.
- Project studies
- Ph.D. theses
- Conference participation
- Research publications and popular articles.
The studies and activities aim to answer questions like:
These questions are answered through analysis in three major areas
that also include several sub-topics.
IGIDR activities in climate change span 12 research projects, 7 Ph.D. theses though not exclusively dealing with climate change, 50 books, monographs, research articles and important conference articles.
The publications are listed below. When abstracts are readily available, they are also included. Only a few of the conference papers are reported.
In addition to climate change studies, IGIDR is involved in wide ranging activities that include research, teaching and training, surveys, consensus building efforts and so on, by analyzing policies and discussing it with various stakeholders. For example, IGIDR is selected by the ministry of environment and forests and UNDP to implement a major project on capacity building in environmental economics where it is bringing a whole range of institutions together to work in a coordinated and collaborative effort in the area of air and water pollution, land, forests and wetlands.
IGIDR is also a core institute with specific responsibility for a subcommittee on environmental economics research where priority areas for research support in environmental economics are identified and such research projects are funded. This project termed “Environmental Management Capacity Building: Technical Assistance Project (EMCaB-TAP)” is aided by the World Bank and implemented by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India.
Jyoti Parikh
Parikh J and Chandrakiran (2007), " Economic Impact of Carbon Emission Restrictions: A case of India", Energy Security, Climate Change and Sustainable Development, Anamaya Publishers, New Delhi, India.
Purohit P. and J. Parikh (2005), "CO2 Emissions Mitigation Potential of Bagasse Based Cogeneration in India", ISES Solar World Congress 2005, August 8-12, 2005 Orlando, Florida USA.
Gender issues and climate change :Mitigation, adaptation and policy issues paper prepared for Cop 11, Montreal ,Canada
Noble I., J. Parikh and R. Watson (2005), "Responses to Climate Change", Chapter in Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, Policy responses, Vol.3 pp. 373-400, OISLAND Press, Washington.
Parikh J. and K. Parikh (2004), "Kyoto Protocol: The Indian Perspective", International Review of Environmental Strategies, Vol. 5(1).
Weyant J., J. Parikh (2004), "India, Sustainable Development and the Global Commons", ICFAI Publication (Edited Book).
A. Das, J. Parikh (2004), "Transport scenarios in two metropolitan cities in India: Delhi and Mumbai". ELSEVIER, Energy Conversion and Management, Volume 45, Issue 15-16, Pages 2603-2625.
J. Parikh and K. Bhattacharya (2003) South Asian Energy and Emissions perspectives for 21st Century ,IEW workshop at IIASA, Austria
Clean Development Mechanism and Sustainable Development, Jyoti Parikh, Convener, Proceedings of the CDM/COP8 Event on October 25, 2002, New Delhi.Gender and Climate Change at COP8: A forgotten element, Fatma Dentan, Jyoti Parikh, Energia News, Vo,. 5, Issue 4, December 2002.
Heading Nowhere, Jyoti Parikh, Equity Watch, October 30, 2002.
Bargaining for Cleaner World, Jyoti Parikh, Business Standard, October 26, 2002.
Mainstreaming Gender and Eenrgy in South Asia, Energia, International Network on Gender and Sustainable Energy, Regional paper prepared for the World Summit on Sustainable Development, August 2002
Please, Stay with the Climate Change Convention, Guest Column, The Economic Times, Mumbai, July 7, 2001. (Note: The editor has given different title)
Linking Technology Transfer with Clean Development Mechanism (CDM):
A Developing Country Perspective, Jyoti K. Parikh, Journal of Global
Environment Engineering, Vol. 6, pp. 1-12, 2000.
| Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) expressly commits the Annex 1 countries to provide financial resources and technology to developing countries so as to control, reduce or prevent GHG emissions. The present paper argues that the ultimate goal of any action in the field of transfer of technology (TT) should not be just applying particular technological solutions to the GHG problem, but to enhance the capabilities of developing countries to assess the need, select, import, assimilate, adapt and develop the appropriate technologies. The paper also looks into the various dimensions of TT that results in capacity building in developing countries. High up-front costs and lack of awareness (information) has resulted in significant under-utilization of capacities, thus acting as major barriers in their diffusion. The paper also looks into the various market and government related barriers forestalling the diffusion of various GHG reducing technologies. |
Inequity: a Root Cause of Climate Change, Jyoti K. Parikh, Newsletter of the International Human Dimensions Programme (IHDP) Update, Number 3, 2000
Free Ride through Delay: Risk and Accountability for Climate Change,
Jyoti Parikh and Kirit S. Parikh, Journal of Environment and Development
Economics, Vol. 3 No. 3, pp. 384-389, 1998.
What the concerns of developing countries if they
wish to be active and decisive partners in the collective decision making
process? These are:
|
* Climate Change and North-South Cooperation, Jyoti K.Parikh,
Roy Culpeper and Davis Runnalls, J.P. Painuly (Eds.), Tata McGraw
Hills Publishing Co. Ltd., New Delhi, 1997. (*
represents a book or a monograph)
|
Climate Change, North-South Co-operation and Collective Decision-Making Post-Rio, Jyoti Parikh, P.G. Babu and K.S. Kavi Kumar, Journal of International Development, Vol.9, No.3, 403-413, 1997
North-South Cooperation in Climate Change through Joint Implementation.
Jyoti Parikh, Internatioanl Environmenal Affairs. 7(1), Winter 1995.
IGIDR-RP No.142, 1995.
| In view of on-going debate on whether Joint Implementation (JI) for projects addressing climate change i.e., by the North investing in the South should be permitted the article examines a variety of issues ranging from cost-effectiveness to North, sustainable development in the South, fair compensation, debate about the carbon-sink projects, links with carbon reduction targets by the North, effectiveness from Global environmental objectives. Some of the issues are analysed by several view points but primarily from the Southern perspectives. The article suggests that North can consider JI among portfolio of options for climate change mitigation. Even if credit for JI is not given internationally, it is in the interest of North to give internal credit for JI to private enterprises in terms of carbon tax rebates. The analysis indicates that while joint implementation in energy efficiency benefits the south, it cannot be said the same about the “carbon-sink” projects where land rights, risk sharing, long term opportunity costs and threats to biodiversity are some of the problems. JI should be only considered in addition to the Annex I countries commitments as one of the options in portfolio to contain developing countries emissions without compromising their development. The article concludes by supporting pilot phase of JI, which should be closed monitored. |
Decision Making Framework to Address Climate Change, Jyoti Parikh, P.G. Babu and K. Parikh, in Steps Towards a Decision Making Framework to Address Climate Change, G. Pillet and F. Gassmann (Eds.) Paul Scherrer Institute, Switzerland, 1994.
North-South Issues for Climate Change, Economic and Political Weekly,
Page No. 2940-2943, November 5-12, 1994.
| The debate on climate change acquires a different dimension when the disparities between regions is considered in terms of responsibilities for emissions and concentrations and vulnerability to the effects brought on by climate change. This article reflects on North-South issues surrounding the climate change debate. The author also highlights certain issues which are difficult to address in conventional cost-benefit analysis. |
Decision Making Framework to Address Climate Change, K. Arrow, J. Parikh, J. Pillet, K.S. Kavi Kumar and P.G. Babu, Chapter 2 of IPCC WG III, Second Assessment Report, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. 1996.
Decision Making Framework for Climate Change, J. Parikh and K. Arrow in Poverty, Environment and Economic Development, N.S.S. Narayana and A. Sen (Eds.), Interline Publications Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore, India, 1996.
Decision Making Framework for Addressing Climate Change, K.J. Arrow, J. Parikh, G. Pillet, et al., in J. P. Bruce, H. Lee and E.F. Haites (Eds.) Climate Change 1995: Economic and Social Dimensions of Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, 1996.
IPCC Response Strategies Unfair to the South, Nature, Vol.360,
p.507-508, 10th December 1992.
| Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) expressly commits the Annex 1 countries to provide financial resources and technology to developing countries so as to control, reduce or prevent GHG emissions. The present paper argues that the ultimate goal of any action in the field of transfer of technology (TT) should not be just applying particular technological solutions to the GHG problem, but to enhance the capabilities of developing countries to assess the need, select, import, assimilate, adapt and develop the appropriate technologies. The paper also looks into the various dimensions of TT that results in capacity building in developing countries. Using case studies of two GHG reducing technologies - one from the demand side (Compact Fluorescent Lamp, CFL) and other from the supply side (Photo-voltaic Cells, PVs), the present paper tries to find out whether the TT has been adequate in significant capacity building or not. The case studies show that the technology absorption is still incomplete. High up-front costs and lack of awareness (information) has resulted in significant under-utilization of capacities, thus acting as major barriers in their diffusion. The paper also looks into the various market and government related barriers forestalling the diffusion of various GHG reducing technologies. |
Promoting Faster Diffusion of Energy Efficiency with Type 1 Projects,
J. Parikh and R. Banerjee, International Journal of Environment and
Pollution, Vol. 4, Nos. 1/2, 1994.
| The Framework on Climate Change Convention provides for incremental costs for those measures that help developing countries to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. The Global Environmental Facility (GEF) was set up to fund projects to provide incremental costs. Some argue that this means that fossil-fuel efficient technologies should not be included because they are economic on their own right and there is no ‘incrementality’ about them. This paper argues that even if they are ‘economic’, it is desirable to set up programmes for faster diffusion to achieve better results. An illustrative example of the promotion of energy-efficient motors (EEM) in the high tension industry sector in Maharashtra State in India is presented. In the cost-sharing programme case, 50% of the incremental cost difference of the EEM is borne by the GEF. A programme results in additional adoption of 203 000 motors and a net saving of 1.6 million tonnes of carbon, reducing the overall cost to $16 per tonne of carbon. The GEF would find it worthwhile to promote Type 1 projects that could lead to reduction of carbon dioxide emission. |
The GEF Incremental Costs and the Paradigm of Partnership, Jyoti Parikh,
The
Bulletin, The Centre for our Common Future, March 1993.
India’s Efforts to Minimise GHG Emissions: Policies, Measures and Institutions, Jyoti Parikh, article accepted in the forthcoming book by the resources for future”, RFF, Washington.
What is India Doing to Minimise GHG Emissions?: Policies, Programmes
and Institutions, Jyoti Parikh, in P.Narasimha et al (eds.), IGBP in
India 2000: A Status Report on Projects, Indian National Science
Academy, New Delhi, 2000.
| It is often assumed that the non-Annex I countries are "not doing anything" to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. It is shown here with a case study of India, that they are doing a lot. What is more is that there is a consensus in the Government as well as among the people in these societies to follow resource conserving practices. Policies, programmes and institutions are in place. The present article shows that "own-initiative" programmes have already shown results in quantitative terms in several areas : for example, energy efficiency and conservation programmes in terms of reduced energy intensities, coal substitution in terms of reduced shares in total energy and programmes and increased targets through institutions for the renewables. In addition, efforts for plantations generate carbon sinks and efforts for reducing air pollution also reduce GHG emissions. India has cultural traditions that suggest "Reduce consumption, Reuse products and Recycle materials". Moreover, due to sheer poverty and deprivation, carbon emissions are as low as 54 kg and 91 kg per person for rural and urban poor respectively as compared to 250 kg all-India average and 1100 kg world average. The poor often do not have water, fuel, light bulbs and infrastructure such as schools, hospitals, roads or electric power. It is suggested that more support to safeguard good practices emerging from cultural traditions, external funds for "own-initiative" programmes and technology transfer for modern technologies can lead to even greater impact. At the same time, efforts to eliminate poverty and deprivation are needed. Poverty alleviation may reduce emissions due to land-use change but increase the emissions related to improved living standards. The increase due to latter can be reduced by careful planning and better technologies. |
Indicators of Carbon Emission Intensity from Commercial Energy Use in India, Barnali Nag and Jyoti Parikh, Energy Economics, Vol. 22, pp. 441-461, 2000.
Sustainable Development of India: Scenarios for 2020 for poverty Alleviation and Technological Changes, J. Parikh and N.S.Murthy. Paper prepared for UNDP, January 1997.
Economic Growth, Energy Demand and Carbon Dioxide Emissions in India:
1990-2020, N. S. Murthy, Manoj Panda and Jyoti Parikh, Environment and
Development Economics, Vol.2, No. 2, 1997
| This article investigates the linkages between economic growth, energy consumption and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in India by analysing the structure of production and consumption in the Indian economy. We begin with an examination of the consumption pattern of six different income classes, three each in urban and rural India, and then estimate the direct and indirect energy and CO2 emission coefficients for supporting production in various sectors. This provides us with a basis for estimating the energy and emission content of the consumption baskets of the different income classes in India. CO2 emissions are projected to increase from 0.18 tonnes of carbon (tC) per capita in 1990 to about 0.62 tC per capital in 2020 under the reference scenario which corresponds to a GDP growth rate of 5.5% per annum. We then analyse scenarios of technology improvement in which emissions are reduced to 0.47 tC per capita in 2020. Our projection methodology takes into account the changes in aggregate consumption pattern due to mobility of the population across the income classes and from rural to urban areas, besides the increase in per capita consumption of all classes. |
Economic Development, Poverty Reduction and Carbon Emissions in India,
N.S. Murthy, Manoj Panda, Jyoti Parikh, Energy Economics, 19, pp.327-354,
1997.
| This paper analyses carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from energy consumption using in input-output (I-O) model, for different sectors of the Indian economy in 1990. Alternative scenarios are developed for 2005. The I-O model considers structural changes in aggregate consumption behaviour and sectoral composition of output between 1990 and 2005. Alternative energy efficiency programmes are compared for their potential CO2 reduction in 2005. Under ambitious poverty reduction targets, the annual growth rate of CO2 emissions increases from 4.8% to 5.9%. However, energy efficiency programmes could reduce the average annual growth rate of CO2 emissions back to 4.9%. It is also seen that reducing CO2 through oil conservation is a preferred policy for India compared with saving coal. |
Energy Demand Forecasts with Investment Constraints, Saumen Majumdar and Jyoti Parikh, Journal of Forecasting, Vol.15, 549-576, 1997. IGIDR-RP No.251, 1997.
Climate Change and India's Energy Policy Options: New Perspectives on
Sectoral CO2 Emissions and Incremental Costs, Jyoti Parikh and Subir Gokarn,
Global Environmental Change, 3(3) September 1993.
| This paper presents an analysis of CO2 emissions in the Indian economy and examines the implications of alternative policies to reduce them. This analysis goes beyond the conventional approaches of looking at energy supply structure and end-uses of energy. Instead, it examines flows of energy in the economy of India through a 60-sector input-output model. The authors show that direct emissions of CO2 are highest in the electricity sector followed by iron and steel, road and air transport, and coal tar. If a similar analysis by final demand is carried out, incorporating both direct and indirect emissions, the highest emitting sector is construction, followed by food crops, road and air transport, and so on. This indicates that, in addition to energy efficiency, improving construction efficiency, could also lead to CO2 savings (by using less energy-intensive materials or by making optimal use of them). It is also shown, by generating alternative energy policy scenarios, that if India saves energy from coal rather than from imported oil to reduce CO2 emission, then savings foregone are more than Rs.5634 million for only 10% of energy saving. Sectoral priorities also change. To save coal, the power sector, iron and steel, coal tar, etc will require attention. To save oil, transport, refinery and fertilizers will require attention. Similar arguments are made for substitution of coal by oil and gas. Additional costs of Rs. 10 billion would be incurred by 10% substitution of coal by oil and gas as compared to the current policy of substituting oil and gas with coal. This article offers another interpretation of the notion of ‘incremental costs’ though comparison of two alternative development strategies. |
Indian Agriculture and Climate Change Sensitivity, K.S. Kavi Kumar and Jyoti Parikh, Global Environmental Change, Vol. 11(2), pp: 147-154, 2001
Linkages among Energy, Agriculture and Environment in Rural India, Jyoti
K. Parikh and R. Ramanathan, Energy Economics, Vol.21, No.6, pp.561-585,
1998.
| The interconnections between energy, agriculture and environment in rural India are analyzed in this paper using a systems perspective. Rural areas of developing countries use biomass for fuel, fodder, fertilizer and other purposes, and it is necessary to understand the fuel-fodder-fertilizer relationships for optimal biomass allocation. The allocation is explored using a linear programming model. First, the model is validated by simulating it using data for the year 1990-91. The model is then applied for the year 2000, and several scenarios are generated to obtain answers to various policy questions. The results show that it is necessary to increase fertilizer consumption, to increase efficiencies of cooking stoves, to improve livestock feed, and/or to decrease population growth for maximizing the revenue generated in the rural system of India. It shows that when the prices of fertilizers increase, a large increase in kerosene requirements can be expected. It also points to the necessity to increase kerosene consumption to reduce emissions (due to non-commercial fuels) and soil fertility loss. For example, the carbon dioxide emissions associated with the scenarios range from 137.50 to 62.50 million tons (in carbon equivalent terms) for the high and low cases respectively. Correspondingly, kerosene consumption ranges from 0.18 kilo tons to 15.49 kilo tons |
Climate Change Impacts on Indian Agriculture: Results from Crop Modelling Approach, K.S.Kavi Kumar and Jyoti Parikh. Communicated for journal publication. An earlier version presented at the workshop, Measuring the impacts of Climate Change on Indian and Brazilian agriculture, held at the World Bank, Washington D.C., 5-7 May 1997.
Climate Change Impacts on Indian Agriculture: Ricardian Approach, Jyoti Parikh and K.S.Kavi Kumar. In Dinar et.al., Measuring the Impact of Climate Change on Indian Agriculture, World Bank Technical Paper No. 402, Washington, D.C., 1988.
Rural Energy Planning Incorporating Energy and Agricultural Interactions,
RERIC - International Energy Journal, 17(1), 73-81.
Climate Change and House Construction Options - Part of Structural Transformation Processes Towards Sustainable Development, Piyush Tiwari and Jyoti Parikh, INFRAS, Switzerland, 1996.
Performance Evaluation of Cost Effective Building: A Cost, Emissions
and Employment Point of View, Piyush Tiwari, Jyoti Parikh and V.K Sharma,
Building and Environment. IGIDR-RP No.143, 1996
| Given the uphill task of providing housing for all within short time frame and making them affordable, the construction activity has to look into various low cost options of construction using locally available building materials. This paper evaluates various dimensions of low cost techniques. For the same engineering criterion to be satisfied, a room of dimension 3.5m x 3.5m 3.14m constructed using low cost techniques costs only 66% of the conventional construction. Since, these materials are low energy consuming, the associated carbon dioxide emissions are also low. The carbon dioxide emissions with conventional method of construction is 5.88 tonnes compared to 2.42 tonnes in the low cost method of construction. There is a possibility of further reducing the emissions by 23% at 0.03% increase in the cost. Another implicit advantage for a country like India with surplus labour force, is that the employment increases with reduction in carbon dioxide emissions due to switch towards labour intensive techniques. |
Cost of Carbon Dioxide Reduction in Building Construction, Piyush Tiwari,
and Jyoti Parikh, Energy, The International Journal, 20(6), 1995.
IGIDR-RP No.145, 1995
| The construction sector accounts for the highest share (17%) of CO2 emissions by final demand in the Indian economy because it uses highly energy-intensive materials and the need for shelters is very high. This sector is highly vulnerable to changes in pricing structure. Various construction techniques have been analysed and it is shown that a room of length 3.5 m, breadth 3.5m and height 3.14 m would lead to about 6 tonnes of CO2 emissions if constructed at the minimum possible cost. These costs are distributed as follows: foundation – 25%, walls – 46%, roof – 16%, floor – 4.8%, and plastering – 8.6%. If cement is replaced by lime, the cost of construction increases by 0.14% for a 3% reduction in emissions. Further reduction in emissions is achieved by using stone instead of bricks. The cost increases by 0.54% for a 4% reduction. However, for a 21% reduction, the cost escalates by 27%. We also examine impacts on employment, materials used etc., due to changes in techniques. |
Structural Design Considerations in House Builders Model: An Optimization Approach, Piyush Tiwari, Kirit Parikh and Jyoti Parikh, ASCE Journal of Infrastructure Systems, October.
Housing Paradoxes in India: Is There a Solution?”, Piyush Tiwari and
Jyoti Parikh, Building and Environment.
Economic and Environmental Impacts of Demand Side Management Programmes,
B.Sudhakara Reddy and Jyoti K. Parikh, Energy Policy, Vol.25, No.3, 1997.
| This paper studies 12 DSM options which could be implemented in various categories of industries in India. It examines their costs and economic and environmental impacts, and estimates yearly targets for the next 15 years (1995-2010). The results indicate that savings of 24616 MW and 122991 GWh can be achieved over the base line growth with a cost of Rs. 325568 million (in present values). Finally, the potential environmental trade-off between system cost and power plant emission reductions is discussed. This is an effort to carry out bottom-up modelling, which mainly looks at programme costs where much of the funds come from customers themselves. However, they require extra support through DSM programmes. |
CO2 Emissions Reduction from Power System in India, D.Chattopadhyay
and J.K. Parikh, Natural Resources Forum, Vol. 17, No.4, pp.251-261,
Nov. 1993.
| The power system in India accounts for nearly one-third of CO2 emissions of the country as a whole. A comparison of some of the technical options to reduce CO2 emissions is presented in this paper. A linear programming framework is used to simulate the integrated optimal operation of the three regional grids, and it is shown that such operations lead to lower fuel costs and the lower CO2 emissions. The same framework is used to see how a rise in thermal efficiency translates into a CO-2 emissions reduction. Reduced fuel requirements also lead to reductions in other pollutants i.e. SO2, NOx and fly ash. The reductions in CO2 emissions and other pollutants are at far lower cost in the case of integrated optimal operations as compared to reductions due to gas fuelled generation or thermal efficiency improvements. However, thermal efficiency improvements under optimal integrated operations result in much higher reductions in operating costs, coal consumption and total emissions of all pollutants. |
Sustainable Urban Transport Sector and Possibilities for CO2 Mitigation, Proc. "Better Air Quality in Asia and Pacific Rim Cities, Sudhakar Yedla, Jyoti Parikh and Ram M. Shrestha, Hong Kong, 16-18 Dec. 2002.
Mitigation of GHG Emission in Urban Transport Systems : Case Studies of Mumbai and Delhi, Anjana Das and Jyoti Parikh, 2001.
Transport Sector in India: An Analysis in the Context of Sustainable Development,
R.Ramanathan and Jyoti K. Parikh, Transport Policy, (6)1, 35-45, 1999.
| A brief review of the Indian transport sector in the past few decades is provided in this paper. It is shown that the period has witnessed a gradual transformation from rail-dominated transport to road-dominated transport. Infrastructure bottlenecks such as lack of roads and railways network and aircraft are the limiting factors. Emission of local pollutants and carbon dioxide due to fuel consumption in transport have been estimated. Future transport performance is projected using cointegrating econometric models. The models project that passenger traffic in India is likely to grow at more than 8% per year and freight traffic at more than 5% per year during the period 1990-2021. This will increase the energy consumption and CO2 emissions at equivalent rates. The effects of various policy options aimed at reducing energy consumption and CO2 emission are analyzed using a scenario approach. The scenario analysis shows that efficiency improvements can reduce future energy consumption and CO2 emissions by 26%. If the modal split is promoted in favour of public transport modes (rail and public road transport), about 45% reduction in energy requirements and CO2 emissions is expected. |
Trends in Transport Sector in India, Jyoti K. Parikh and R. Ramanathan, Energy
Scenario, 1(1), 15-20, 1997.
Ranking of Barriers for the implementation of Alternative Transportation Options
in Indian Metropolis using MCM, Sudhakar, Yedla, Parikh, J.K., Shrestha, R.M.,
Shrestha, R, (to be communicated to) Journal of Transportation Research,
Part D.
Selection Of Optimal Alternative Transportation Options for Indian Metropolitan Cities, Sudhakar, Yedla, Parikh, J.K., Shrestha, R.M., Shrestha, R, (to be communicated to) Journal of Transportation Research Part A.
Sustainable Transportation - Impact of CO2 Mitigation Strategies on Local Pollutants, Sudhakar Yedla, Jyoti K. Parikh, Ram M. Shrestha, International Journal of Environment and Pollution (IJEP) (in press).
Economic Growth, Energy Demand and Carbon Dioxide Emissions in India:
1990-2020, Murthy N.S., M.Panda and J. Parikh, Environment and Development
Economics, Vol.2, No.2, 1997.
Socio-economic Development and Demand for Timber Products: A Panel Data Analysis, G.S. Haripriya and Jyoti K. Parikh, Global Environmental Change, Vol. 8, No. 4, 1998.
Consumption Patterns by Income Groups and Carbon Dioxide Implications for India: 1990-2010, Jyoti K. Parikh, Manoj K. Panda and N.S. Murthy, International Journal of Energy Issues, 9(4-6), 1997.
Structural transformation processes towards sustainable development in India: Macro-economic scenarios and analysis of transport and construction sectors, Jyoti Parikh, Manoj K Panda, R. Ramanathan, Piyush Tiwari and N.S. Murthy, 1995.
Population, Consumption Patterns and Global Warming, J. Parikh and J.P.Painuly,
AMBIO, Vol. 23, No. 7, Nov. 1994.
Environmental Accounting in India: Trial estimates for forest resources, G.S.Haripriya and J. Parikh, The Journal of Development Policy Review, June, 1998.
Natural Resource Accounting for Sustainable Management of Land Resources, Jyoti K. Parikh, Kirit S. Parikh, B. Sudhakara Reddy, P.V. Srinivasan and Vijay Laxmi Pande.
Economic Valuation of Air Quality Degradation in Chembur, Bombay, India,
Kirit S. Parikh, Jyoti K. Parikh, T.R. Muraleedharan and Nandini Hadkar,
IGIDR Project Report.